Monday, November 30, 2015
Monday, November 9, 2015
Chapter 8
Chapter 8 DNA and Protein Synthesis
Due 11/16
300 word essay (typed or written) explaining if you agree or disagree with Watson and Crick receiving the Noble Peace Prize.
View, take notes, & Answer the questions
Secret of Photo 51
Section 8.1
Griffith Experiment
Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 8.2
DNA is made up of 3 structures (phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base)
Watson and Crick Model
Base Pairing Rules
Each base held to the other by Hydrogen Bonds
Section 3: DNA Replication
Question on STAAR
DNA REPLICATION
Section 4 & 5
Transcription (in the nucleus using DNA template)
19 9 * 22 15 21 19 * 20 18 1 4 21 9 19 5 26 * 3 5 12 1 *
1 12 15 18 19 * 22 15 21 19 * 15 2 20 9 5 14 4 18 5 26 *
2 15 14 2 15 14 19.
1 12 15 18 19 * 22 15 21 19 * 15 2 20 9 5 14 4 18 5 26 *
2 15 14 2 15 14 19.
ATG GCT AAA TGC TAA TAG CAT
DNA to Proteins
TRY THIS:
What if DNA wanted this sequence to make a protein....
TAC TAG CAT GTA ACT
What about this one....
TAC CCT ATA AAA GAT TTA
Gene Therapy?
Editing Your DNA?
Dolly the Sheep
Genetically Modified Foods?
GMO in animals
Final Step in making proteins...
Translation (in the cytoplasm using ribosomes)
With the message from RNA and the transfer RNA available, there has to be something that reads the CODE and "Calls" for the correct tRNA.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Activity for Review
Mutations
Thursday, November 5, 2015
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Section1: Chromosomes & Meiosis
Your body produces 2 types of cells....
1. Germ Cells aka Sex Cells aka Gametes
2. Somatic Cells aka body cells (all other cells in your body)
The number of chromosomes varies within species....
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (46 chromosomes total)
Fruit flies have 4 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (8 chromosomes total)
Dogs have 39 pairs in each cell
Cats have 19 pairs...
No matter what species you have each chromosome has its pair (the same size and copies of the same genes)
These two pairs of chromosomes are called HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
The EXCEPTIONS are the Sex Chromosomes...
Fertilization happens when an egg (having 23 chromosomes, Haploid cell) combines with the sperm (having 23 chromosomes, Haploid cell) forming a DIPLOID CELL
Haploid Vs Diploid
Section1: Chromosomes & Meiosis
Your body produces 2 types of cells....
1. Germ Cells aka Sex Cells aka Gametes
2. Somatic Cells aka body cells (all other cells in your body)
The number of chromosomes varies within species....
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (46 chromosomes total)
Fruit flies have 4 pairs of chromosomes in each cell (8 chromosomes total)
No matter what species you have each chromosome has its pair (the same size and copies of the same genes)
These two pairs of chromosomes are called HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
The EXCEPTIONS are the Sex Chromosomes...
Fertilization happens when an egg (having 23 chromosomes, Haploid cell) combines with the sperm (having 23 chromosomes, Haploid cell) forming a DIPLOID CELL
Haploid Vs Diploid
Syndromes of Sex Linked Chromosomes
Turner Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Mitosis vs Meiosis
DIFFERENCES: Meiosis has 2 Divisions & The Result are 2 GENETICALLY DIFFERENT HAPLOID cells
UNIQUE OCCURRENCE IN PROPHASE I
(CROSSOVER)
Review
Tuesday, October 20, 2015
Chapter 5
5.1 The Cell Cycle
Cycle=repetition or repeating patterns.
G0 (Gap 0): cells carry out their normal functions but are unlikely to divide ex: Neurons
1. gap 1
2. cell growth, normal functions, replications of organelles, length of time a cells varies for each cell & organism. Critical check point in cell division #1 @ the end of G1.
3. synthesis.
4. copies DNA from the nucleus
5. gap 2
6. more growth and normal functions, Critical check point in cell division #2 @ the end of G2.
7. mitosis
8. cell division
9. prophase
10. metaphase
11. anaphase
12. telophase
13. cytokinesis Cyto=Cell Kinesis=division
14. mitosis
15. interphase
Cells divide at different rates:
Cell size is limited due to surface to volume ratio:
G1& G2 stages got their names because scientists did not see any activity going on in cells, and thought there were Gaps in cell activity.
M-Phase (Mitosis): the cell nucleus and its contents divide this includes cytokinesis.
Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Chromosome Structure
1. interphase: duplicates organelles, duplicates DNA, cell grows
2. prophase: chromosomes condense, nucleus breaks down, spindle fibers form (long threads used in cell division)
3. metaphase: spindle fibers align chromosomes along the middle of the cell
4. anaphase: chromatids separate to opposite sides of cell
5. telophase: nucleus membranes start to form around chromosomes & chromosomes begin to uncoil
6. cytokinesis: divides the cytoplasm between two daughter cells
Download the app VINE for tomorrow....
Creating mitosis using VINE
Cycle=repetition or repeating patterns.
G0 (Gap 0): cells carry out their normal functions but are unlikely to divide ex: Neurons
1. gap 1
2. cell growth, normal functions, replications of organelles, length of time a cells varies for each cell & organism. Critical check point in cell division #1 @ the end of G1.
3. synthesis.
4. copies DNA from the nucleus
5. gap 2
6. more growth and normal functions, Critical check point in cell division #2 @ the end of G2.
7. mitosis
8. cell division
9. prophase
10. metaphase
11. anaphase
12. telophase
13. cytokinesis Cyto=Cell Kinesis=division
14. mitosis
15. interphase
Cells divide at different rates:
- Rates of cell division vary widely
- Cell divides according to the body’s need (Ex. Skin cells divide more often then liver cells.)
- The length of gap 1 varies widely among cell types.
- Neurons, enter a stage called G0, where cells are unlikely to divide again.
Cell size is limited due to surface to volume ratio:
- If cell is small it could not contain organelles and needed molecules.
- If cells is large it could not move enough materials across the membrane surface.
- To be at perfect size cell growth and division must be coordinated.
Experiment Explaining The Importance of Size of Cell
G1& G2 stages got their names because scientists did not see any activity going on in cells, and thought there were Gaps in cell activity.
M-Phase (Mitosis): the cell nucleus and its contents divide this includes cytokinesis.
What Breast Cancer Cells Look Like When Dividing
Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Chromosome Structure
- A chromosome is one long thread of DNA.
- DNA wraps around proteins called histones.
- Each Sister Chromatids join together forming a structure called Chromosomes.
- Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis so that they be ready to divided. They don't remain condensed all the time because genes must be easily accessible.
Telomeres and Aging
What organelles are involved in Mitosis?
- Nucleus (chromosomes)
- Centrioles (where the spindle fibers are produced)
- Cell membrane
1. interphase: duplicates organelles, duplicates DNA, cell grows
2. prophase: chromosomes condense, nucleus breaks down, spindle fibers form (long threads used in cell division)
3. metaphase: spindle fibers align chromosomes along the middle of the cell
4. anaphase: chromatids separate to opposite sides of cell
5. telophase: nucleus membranes start to form around chromosomes & chromosomes begin to uncoil
6. cytokinesis: divides the cytoplasm between two daughter cells
Mitosis
Mitosis using your hands
But what happens in Plant Cells?
Lets Review
Download the app VINE for tomorrow....
Creating mitosis using VINE
- You will create a vine on mitosis correctly placing the names with the process.
- Be sure to allow enough time to show how Mitosis works.
Mitosis Vine Video
Mitosis Vine Labels
Section 5.3 Regulation of Cell Cycle
The regulation, or control, of the cell cycle is important for healthy cells to grow. Having uncontrollable division results in what we know as CANCER!
Take a look at this video....
How does cancer affect the body?
The cell uses Internal and External Factors
External Factors: The cell uses physical and chemical signals to control the cell cycle. When cells get around other cells they stop dividing.
Many cells release chemicals to neighboring cells to begin to divide.
Internal Factors: When external factors bind to cells they cause a response inside the cell. Enzymes and proteins, called kinase and cyclins, help the cell move through the cell cycle.
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death. When the cell is damaged or it is no longer useful it programs itself to die. This avoids any problem the cell might contain from spreading to neighboring cells.
take a look...
Uncontrolled Cell Division
Benign tumors: relatively harmless because they clump together and can be removed
Malignant tumors: cancer cells that break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body.
Metastasize: Once the malignant tumors break away and travel through the blood stream they appear at other parts of the body
Carcinogens substances that are known to cause or lead to cancer
Benign Tumor?
Section 5.4 Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring from a single parent. The offspring are, for the most part, genetically identical to each other and to the parent.
Mitosis Vine Labels
Section 5.3 Regulation of Cell Cycle
The regulation, or control, of the cell cycle is important for healthy cells to grow. Having uncontrollable division results in what we know as CANCER!
Take a look at this video....
Cancer Cells vs Normal Cells
How does cancer affect the body?
The cell uses Internal and External Factors
External Factors: The cell uses physical and chemical signals to control the cell cycle. When cells get around other cells they stop dividing.
Internal Factors: When external factors bind to cells they cause a response inside the cell. Enzymes and proteins, called kinase and cyclins, help the cell move through the cell cycle.
Apoptosis: Programmed cell death. When the cell is damaged or it is no longer useful it programs itself to die. This avoids any problem the cell might contain from spreading to neighboring cells.
take a look...
Apoptosis
Uncontrolled Cell Division
Benign tumors: relatively harmless because they clump together and can be removed
Malignant tumors: cancer cells that break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body.
Metastasize: Once the malignant tumors break away and travel through the blood stream they appear at other parts of the body
Metastasis
Carcinogens substances that are known to cause or lead to cancer
Is Red Meat Giving You Cancer
Benign Tumor?
Lets review
Section 5.4 Asexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring from a single parent. The offspring are, for the most part, genetically identical to each other and to the parent.
- Usually seen in unicellular organisms (prokaryotes and some eukaryotes).
- Multicellular organisms undergo a different type of asexual reproduction called known as mitosis, vegetative reproduction, and/or "budding". EX: Starfish, Hydra
Budding/Fission in Starfish
Parthenogenics
Eukaryote Binary Fission
Prokaryote Binary Fission
Advantage & Disadvantage of
asexual reproduction
Why Sex?
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
Section 5: Multicellular Life
Level of organization
Cell differentiation: the process by which cells that do not have a specialized function develop a specialized function.
What Are Stem Cells?
How Do They Get Stem Cells?
Growing Organs From Stem Cells
A Stem Cell Story
Trachea Transplant Using Stem Cells
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