Microscope Project Launch

Poorest cities: Brownsville, Texas: A man stands out of the wind during a downpour in downtown Brownsville.

According to U.S. Census Bureau data and economic website 24/7 Wall St., two of the poorest cities in the nation are in Texas.

Data shows that the Brownsville-Harlingen area has overtaken McAllen as the poorest city in the country, putting them in the first and second spots.

Of the Brownsville-Harlingen area's 415,557 residents, 36 percent live below the poverty level. Texas' overall poverty rate is 17 percent. In Brownsville, 22 percent of the population has only a high school diploma or other equivalent certificate. 37 percent do not have a high school diploma.

You have been hired by BASF The Chemical Company which is a global leader in manufacturing products for various industries which include aerospace, agriculture, automotive, packaging, personal care, and pharmaceutical among others. As an employee of BASF, you will be responsible for designing, creating, and testing an economical cell phone accessory that will allow you to examine various types of cells on the go using materials easily attainable by others. The cost of your product should be no higher than $10 dollars. Remember that the product you are developing will be tested in real life applications. Document all activity throughout the project. You are given a deadline of 3 weeks. ALL members are to be involved throughout the development of the project.

Product Name:__________________________________________________

Product Designer:_______________________________________________

Product Engineer:_______________________________________________

Manufacturing:________________________________________________

Product Presenter/Marketer:_____________________________________

A brief look at microscopes from the past...

Content Standards

B.5.B   examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves

of plants; and animal cells such as blood, muscle, and

epithelium

B.1.A demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations

B.1.B demonstrate an understanding of the use and conservation of resources and the proper disposal or recycling of materials

B.2.H communicate valid conclusions supported by the data through methods such as lab reports, labeled drawings, graphic organizers, journals, summaries, oral reports, and technology‐based reports

B.3.A in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning,

and experimental and observational testing, including examining all sides of scientific evidence of those scientific explanations, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student

B.3.B communicate and apply scientific information extracted from various sources such as current events, news reports, published

journal articles, and marketing materials

Chapter 3.3, 3.4, 3.5

Section 3.3

Cell membrane Functions: contains cell contents, controls what enters and exits a cell 


Fluid mosaic model: the membrane is flexible like a fluid and has a variety of molecules. Like the variety of tiles in a mosaic 

Phospholipids: form a double layer surrounding a cell; composed of a charged phosphate group, glycerol, and two fatty acid chains; tail is nonpolar (not charged). 

head: hydrophilic (water loving) 

    
tails: hydrophobic (water fearing) 

Other molecules: cholesterol strengthens membranes, proteins aid cell identification and movement of molecules across membranes and cell signaling, carbohydrates aid cell identification 

Selective permeability: allows some materials to cross; aka semipermeable and selectively permeable; enables a cell to maintain homeostasis; molecules can cross in a variety of ways 

Receptors: detect a signal molecule and perform an action in response 

Ligand: is a molecule that acts as a signal when it binds to a receptor.

Intracellular receptor: located inside a cell; binds to molecules and allows them to cross the membrane 


Membrane receptor: located in the membrane; binds to molecules than cannot cross the membrane

RECAP VIDEO ON THE MEMBRANE

Section 3.4

Passive transport: the movement of molecules across down a concentration gradient through a 
membrane without energy (ATP) input from the cell

Examples: 
1. Diffusion: movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.

[High] --> [Low] 

2. Osmosis: movement of water from higher to lower concentration

Recap

How do different solutions affect cells?

** hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. This means water concentration is higher inside the cell than outside. Thus, water flows out of the cell, causing it to shrivel or even die.

**isotonic solution to a cell if it has the same concentration of dissolved particles as the cell.Water molecules move into and out of the cell at an equal rate, so the cell’s size remains constant.

**hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. This means water molecules are more concentrated outside the cell than inside. Water diffuses into the cell. If too much water enters a cell, the cell membrane could potentially expand until it bursts.

3. Facilitated Diffusion: diffusion of molecules across the membrane with help from proteins; requires NO ATP

Gummy Bear Lab
Gummy Bear Lab Sheet

Section 3.5

Active transport: drives molecules across a membrane from lower to higher concentration (against a concentration gradient) 
**Most active transport proteins use energy from the breakdownof ATP (IS ENERGY)

Video Recap

Examples:
Endocytosis:  process of taking in liquids or larger molecules into a cell by engulfing in a vesicle; requires energy 

Exocytosis: process of releasing substances out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with the membrane requires energy

Phagocytosis: is a type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane engulfs large particles.

VINE VIDEOS:

Passive Transport: Diffusion
Passive Transport: Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion: Channel Protein
Facilitated Diffusion: Carrier Protein
Active Transport: Pump
Active Transport: Endocytosis
Active Transport: Exocytosis

Chapter 3.1 & 3.2

Section 3.1 

Famous people in history!

1. Hooke: was the first to identify cells and name them.
2. Leeunwenhoek: observed live cells 
3. Schleiden: concluded that plants are made of cells
4. Schwann: concluded that animals are made of cells
5. Virchow: proposed that all cells come from other cells.

Wacky History

The technological advance:

The microscope

Cell Theory States:

1. All living organisms are composed of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

The Cell Theory is one of the 1st unifying concepts of Biology

2 Types of Cells:

A: Prokaryotic Cell           B: Eukaryotic Cell

All cells have a membrane, DNA, ribosomes & cytoplasm


Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)

• No nucleus only free DNA
• No membrane-bound organelle (except ribosomes)
• Unicellular organisms

Eukaryotic Cells (Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist)

• Nucleus present
• Specialized structures that work together called organelles.
• Most are multi-cellular organisms

What do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have in common?....

• both are cells
• both contain a DNA
• both have a protective barrier
• both have ribosomes
• both have cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance inside their membrane.
• Some have flagella

Venn Diagram

Microbes in You

Section 3.2

Cells Rap

Cell Song

All organs of the cell have their role....

cytoskeleton: gives shape, gives strength, and aid movement 

nucleus (command center): stores and protects the DNA 

ER (factory): production of proteins and lipids

ribosomes (worker): links amino acids to form proteins 

Golgi apparatus (post office): processes, sorts, and delivers proteins 

vesicles (containers): sacs that carry material 

mitochondria (powerhouse): supply energy to the cell

vacuole (storage containers): sac used for storage of materials

lysosomes (garbage collector): sacs containing enzymes that break down wornout cell parts 

centrioles: role in cell division not entirely clear 

cell wall: provides protection, support, and shapes plant cells

chloroplasts: convert solar energy into energy for cell

cell membrane (animals): protective barrier that determines what goes in and out of cell.

cytoplasm: jelly-like substance in cells where organelles are found.

BrainPop Cell Structure

or......

Assignment: Work on comparing a Cell to your house. What would each organelle discussed in class represent in your household? Be sure to create a list in the back explaining how each item is like the organelle.